Endothelial permeability assay was performed according to a previous study [16]. Briefly, 2 × 104 HUVEC cells were seeded into 24-well Transwell filters (8-μm pore size; Corning) and then incubated when cell confluency reached 100%. Afterward, the 24-well Transwell filters were carefully washed with PBS. Finally, 20 mg/mL rhodamine-dextran (average MW: ~ 70,000; Sigma-Aldrich) was added into the upper chamber, and after 1 h of incubation, the lower medium was collected and assessed under laser confocal scanning microscopy.
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