The described parameters were all tested in triplicate. The SPSS 22.0 software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to perform one-way ANOVA and t-tests on the experimental data. All data in the figures are expressed as average values ± standard error (n = 3). The differences between treatments are denoted by asterisks, indicating significant (* p < 0.05) or highly significant (** p < 0.01) differences. Microsoft Office Excel 2021 (Microsoft, Chicago, IL, USA) was used to produce all graphs.
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