Data extraction

Articles deemed relevant to the study objectives after the second step of selection and met the eligibility criteria were included for data extraction. Details of the extracted data are presented in Table ​Table1.1. Three researchers were involved in this process, and the accuracy of the extracted data was double-checked by other team members to eliminate duplicates and address the inconsistencies in the reported results.

Bias risk assessment of the studies by NIH QA Tool for systematic reviews and meta-analysis

NIH National Institutes of Health, CD cannot determine, NR not reported, NA not applicable

^* The NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools) contains eight questions: 1 Is the review based on a focused question that is adequately formulated and described? 2 Were eligibility criteria for included and excluded studies predefined and specified? 3 Did the literature search strategy use a comprehensive, systematic approach? 4 Were titles, abstracts, and full-text articles dually and independently reviewed for inclusion and exclusion to minimize bias? 5 Was the quality of each included study rated independently by two or more reviewers using a standard method to appraise its internal validity? 6 Were the included studies listed along with important characteristics and results of each study? 7 Was publication bias assessed? 8 Was heterogeneity assessed? (This question applies only to meta-analyses.)

^** Due to the type of these studies, which are literature review, assessing some questions were not applicable