Flow cytometry assays

For cell cycle analysis, cells treated with or without PDS were harvested and fixed in ice-cold 70% ethanol, stained with 1x PBS based propidium iodide solution (50 μg/ml PI, 100 μg/ml RNase A, 0.1% sodium citrate, 0.1% Triton X-100), and analyzed by flow cytometry (Agilent, USA).

For Annexin V staining, cells treated with or without PDS were harvested and stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI solution, and analyzed by flow cytometry (Agilent).