Gene signatures were downloaded from the KEGG database and C7 gene sets of the MSigDB Collections [17], including GSE16385_UNTREATED_VS_12H_IL4_TREATED_MACROPHAGE_DN, GSE9509_LPS_VS_LPS_AND_IL10_STIM_IL10_KO_MACROPHAGE_30MIN_DN, and GSE25088_CTRL_VS_IL4_STIM_STAT6_KO_MACROPHAGE_UP gene sets from the previous studies [18, 19] which were relevant to our study. Significantly enriched pathways were determined with the cutoff of p value <0.05, Benjamini–Hochberg-corrected p < 0.25, and absolute value of negative normalized enrichment score (NES) >1.
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