Survey Distribution

The internet-based survey of the general population in the US was implemented through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) Survey System linking to the UArizona hosted REDCap survey. MTurk is a crowdsourcing website used to hire individuals for on-demand tasks. The use of MTurk respondents in research has been previously validated.^33,34 MTurk participants were provided with a description of the survey prior to answering questions and were allowed to opt-in or opt-out at any time. Eligible respondents were at least 18 years old and able to read and write in English.

The survey was conducted in March-May 2021. The survey was launched in several stages to oversample in states with larger American Indian populations and then opened to “All US”. A $1 incentive for completing the survey was automatically distributed to respondents through the Amazon MTurk platform.