After an overnight fast for at least 8 h, 5 mL of peripheral whole venous blood samples were collected in ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) tubes for routine blood testing. Hb, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured by using an the automatic modular blood and body fluid analyzer (Sysmex NX 10 [B4], Japan). Hb cutoff concentrations for the diagnosis of anemia were < 13.0 g/dL for men and < 12.0 g/dL for non-pregnant women, according to the WHO recommendations [45]. Anemia type was further categorized according to MCV and MCHC measurements. Microcytosis, normocytosis, and macrocytosis were defined as MCV < 80 fL, MCV = 80–100 fL, and MCV > 100 fL, respectively. Hypochromia, normochromia, and hyperchromia were defined as an MCHC < 32 g/dL, MCHC = 32–36 g/dL, and MCHC > 36 g/dL, respectively [46].
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