Curation of GWAS VNN candidate genes

Candidate genes were derived from the results of a previously published GWAS dataset.^{( 10 )} Briefly, this study identified 1103 independent SNPs within 515 genomic loci associated with calcaneal estimated bone mineral density (eBMD) using the UK Biobank cohort of 426,824 participants. Candidate genes were selected as the gene closest to the associated variant with the smallest p value of all conditionally independent variants within the same locus, generating 514 human candidate genes. Mouse orthologs were identified (SYNGO,^{( 17 )} bioDBnet^{( 18 )}), while removing noncoding and microRNAs, resulting in 436 candidate genes for downstream analyses in murine datasets (Supplementary Table S1).