Fabrication of kidney cancer phantom and resection guide

Each mold was fabricated using stereolithography apparatus (SLA) with clear resin (Form3, Formlabs, Massachusetts, USA) to ensure proper silicone spread, and the tumor was also fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) with polylactic acid (PLA) filament (DP200, Sindoh, South Korea). The lid was fabricated using FDM with PLA filament due to its adequate hardness and cost effectiveness. The elastic modulus of the human kidney is 180.32 kPa, which is similar to a 170 kPa of ecoflex00-30 silicone^11,12. Therefore, the kidney parenchyma was fabricated using silicone (Ecoflex00-30, Smooth-On, USA) (Fig. 5A). Finally, the 3DP-KSG was fabricated using SLA with dental surgical guide resin (Form3, Formlabs, Massachusetts, USA) (Fig. 5B–D).

Fabricated kidney phantom and inserted 16-gauge intravenous (IV) catheter using the kidney cancer resection guide. (A) Fabricated kidney phantom through silicone casting and measurement points for evaluating fabrication accuracies; length (a) and width (b) of the phantom, length (c) and width (d) of the upper tumor, and length (e) and width (f) of the lower tumor. (B) Inserted catheters into the kidney phantom using 3D printing kidney surgical guide (3DP-KSG) attached to the upper tumor. (C) Inserted catheters into kidney phantom using 3D printing kidney surgical guide (3DP-KSG) attached to the middle tumor. (D) Inserted catheters into kidney phantom using 3D printing kidney surgical guide (3DP-KSG) attached to the lower tumor.