2.1. Active ingredients in ZQD

All herbal compounds of the nine herbs in ZQD were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database (https://tcmsp-e.com/), using the keywords “BanXia,” “ZiShen,” “Ze-Qi,” “HuangQin,” “BaiQian,” “ShengJiang,” “GuiZhi,” “RenShen,” and “GanCao.” Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters have been previously evaluated to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of these chemical compounds. In the present study, oral bioavailability ≥30% and drug-likeness ≥0.18 were set as the screening criteria to identify bioactive compounds in ZQD.