2.3. Measurement of physical capacity

We measured standing balance using a physical performance tool. Briefly, the participants were asked to stand unassisted without the help of a stick or walker. The balance for side-by-side, semi-tandem, and fully tandem standing was measured with a timer for 10 s or unless the participants moved. We used timed quartiles to assign the scores ranging from zero (worst performance) to four (maximal performance), as described elsewhere in detail [23]. We used a smartwatch pedometer to measure the daily step count, and the mean values from the daily counts of the past four weeks were reported, as described previously by us [17].