Participants’ attitude regarding the content to be learned in the course along with internal factors was measured using the Science Motivation Questionnaire II (SMQII), developed by Glynn et al. [35]. The factors career motivation, intrinsic motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy, and grade motivation were collected with 5 items per factor using a five-point Likert scale. Cronbach’s alpha scores ranging from α = 0.81 to 0.92 [35].
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