Organoid RNA was reverse-transcribed and subjected to SYBR Greenbased quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using the forward and reverse primers described in Supplementary Table 5. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) were used as housekeeping genes. Relative gene expression levels were calculated as ΔCt values (Ct ‘target’ minus Ct ‘housekeeping gene’) and in most analyses compared between ‘sample’ and ‘reference’ to express fold change, i.e., 2-(ΔCt sample − ΔCt reference).
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