Covariates

Living with children at age 30 was measured as if the participants were living with children all or some of the time (0) or were not living with children (1). Living with children was assumed to be linked to elevated levels of housework and, therefore, included as a possible confounder in the analyses.

Time in paid work at age 30 was measured as the number of hours in paid work (0–82 hours) per week. Logically, the more hours spent on paid work, the less time for housework. However, as shown in the introduction this relationship is complex and highly gendered (1).

Occupational status (age 30) was measured with occupation level on the basis of the Swedish SEI classification (25): upper white-collar workers including self-employed (0), lower white-collar (1) and blue-collar workers (2).