Human Samples.

To examine the role of gut microbiota affected by tinidazole in intestinal inflammation, we obtained stool samples of people treated with tinidazole or of healthy people from the School and Hospital of Stomatology in Tianjin Medical University. The average age of people treated with tinidazole was 23.1 (age range: 20–26; 3 males, 5 females) and of healthy donor was 22.4 (age range: 20–24; 2 males, 3 females). People treated with tinidazole were administered for three consecutive days at a dose of 1 g daily (SI Appendix, Table S2). To validate the role of ILA in the development of IBD disease, we collected stool samples of patients with UC from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved and the study with human samples was approved by the Ethics Committee of General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China (IRB2021-KY-318).