MN9D cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and were cultured in DMEM (Gibco, California, USA) containing 8% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, California, USA), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/smphotericin B (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) in an incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Standard cell culture techniques were employed for cell passaging once the MN9D cells achieved 80% confluency. Specifically, for routine cell culture passaging, 0.25% Trypsin–EDTA (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) was used to detach cells from the cell culture flask or plates until the logarithmic growth phase.
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