Quantification and statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (version 9.51). For the data fitting a normal distribution, the results were shown as mean ± SEM, and p values were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test, two-tailed Student’s t test, or Pearson correlation coefficients. For the data not fitting a normal distribution, the results were shown as geometric mean with 95% Cl, and p values were calculated by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, ns, no significance. Details were shown in the figure legends.