HeLa, U2OS, U2OS-ATAD5AID (30), POLQ+/+ and POLQ−/− DR-U2OS (34) (kindly provided by Dr Kei-ichi Taketa), U2OS-DR-GFP, U2OS-EJ5-GFP, U2OS-EJ2-GFP, U2OS-SA-GFP cells (kindly provided by Dr Jeremy Stark), U2OS 2–6–5 cells stably expressing destabilization domain (DD)-estrogen receptor (ER)-FokI endonuclease-mCherry-Lac repressor (LacR) fusion protein (DD-ER-FokI-mCherry-LacR) (kindly provided by Dr Roger Greenberg), HeLa-PCNAGFP, ATAD5+/+ and ATAD5−/− HEK293AD and U2OS cells (35) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; GE Healthcare), 100 U/ml penicillin G (Life Technologies) and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Life Technologies) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C.
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