Cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were analysed by flow cytometry according to the literature66–68 with minor modifications as followed. Briefly, after overnight incubation, the cells were exposed to 5% serum medium with concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 μM DPL (24) for 24 h and then harvested and washed with PBS. After the supernatant was removed by centrifugation, the cells were resuspended in 400 μL of binding buffer and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 15 min with 5 μL of Annexin V-FITC, followed by 5 μL of PI (50 mg/L) for another 5 min. The apoptotic ratio was analysed by flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, USA) using WinMDI 2.9 software. HUVECs were treated with 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5 μM DPL (24) for 24 h, and cell cycle arrest was detected by flow cytometry analysis coupled with PI staining.
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