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The assessment of cigarette smoking status in this study was obtained through a self-report questionnaire administered during the interview. The participants were categorized into three groups based on their smoking habits: never smokers (individuals who had never initiated smoking), current smokers (individuals who were actively smoking at the time of the study), and former smokers (individuals who had previously smoked but had successfully quit).
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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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