Metacercariae of O. viverrini were collected from naturally infected fish. Female Syrian golden hamsters were infected with 100 metacercariae via gastric intubation. Adult O. viverrini were collected from the livers and bile ducts of 12-week-infected hamsters. The worms were washed twice in 0.85% normal saline solution and kept in liquid nitrogen until used in further experiments. The animal use protocol for all animal experiments in this study was approved by the Thammasat University Animals Ethics Committee (12 February 2020, Protocol No. 033/2561).
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