2.2.2. Adaptation Quality, Reliability, and Validity Tests

To determine the quality and reliability of each of the translated items and eliminate those that had weak technical properties, for each item we obtained descriptive measures, frequency distributions, and Spearman correlations. We also performed Student t-tests for independent samples, between subjects who scored low on the total scale (below quartile 1) and those with the highest scores (above quartile 3), to discriminate between extreme groups. p values ≤ 0.05 were considered significantly different.

We then performed an exploratory factor analysis for the initial 33 translated items using a principal component analysis with varimax rotation. After removing items that loaded on two factors simultaneously (see Results section), we analyzed the overall instrument reliability using the Cronbach alpha test for the final 26 items.