Descriptive statistics were presented as the mean (standard deviation of the mean) for continuous variables. Using Spearman’s correlation analysis determined the correlations between social isolation scores and cognitive performance at four waves. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to assess the changes in the frequency of social isolation scores and cognitive performance in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018 for different gender, education level, and health burden groups.
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