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The inclusion criteria are 1) age ≥18 years, 2) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification I−III, and 3) elective VATS lung surgery under general anesthesia.
The exclusion criteria are 1) history of chronic pain, 2) previous thoracic surgery, 3) inability to communicate effectively or refusal for participation, 4) surgery cancelled or switched to thoracotomy, or 5) reoperation within 3 months after the primary surgery.
Copyright and License information: ©2023 Hu et al.
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