We analyze national cross-sectional data of older adults 80 years and older from the Health, Aging, and Retirement in Thailand (HART) study in 2015. In a three-stage (region, province, blocks or villages) stratified random sampling in each household, one person (≥ 45 years) was randomly selected, being the inclusion criterium. For frail respondents proxy interviews were administered [32, 33]. We restricted our analytical sample to those 80 years and older (N = 927), excluding 101 proxy interviews. The study received ethical approval from the “Ethics Committee in Human Research, National Institute of Development Administration – ECNIDA (ECNIDA 2020/00012)”, and participants provided written informed consent.
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