All positive samples for the CATL-like PCR were further analyzed with different PCR assays to determine coinfection. For T. vivax, a specific CATL-like PCR was performed (20, 30), for T. evansi, the ESAG primer set was used (32), for A. marginale the msp5 PCR was utilized (22, 33), while B. bovis and B. bigemina were diagnosed by RAP-1 PCR and HYP PCR, respectively (34, 35).
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