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Echocardiography was performed by utilizing a linear array ultrasound transducer (10-MHz, Biosound Esaote, Italy). Following the administration of 1.5% isoflurane for anesthesia, the averaged parameters such as heart rate (bpm), ejection fraction%, and fraction shortening% were recorded from three to five cardiac cycles for each group. Ejection fraction% is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving heart each time it contracts. Fractional shortening% quantifies the decrease in the length of the end-diastolic diameter that occurs by the end of systole.
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