Participants and Settings

Participants were a convenience sample of 1,222 post-primary school students (14-year-old) in Ireland. However, due to outliers and random missing values, the final sample size varied by complete responses to each scale and statistical analyses. The final sample size differed for the single-unidimensional and bifactor modelling of the scale responses for victim offline (N = 1,041, Male = 44.1%, Female = 53.1%, Other = 2.8%), victim online (N = 1,028, Male = 43.6%, Female = 53.6%, Other = 2.8%), bystander offline (N = 1,061, Male = 43.6%, Female = 53.5%, Other = 2.8%), and bystander online (N = 1,022, Male = 43.3%, Female = 54.0%, Other = 2.6%) as well as the IRT-2PL model testing of the general and specific factor (N = 1,222, Male = 45.2%, Female = 50.9%, Other = 3.9%).