Statistical analysis

Participants’ sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The differences in the socioeconomic factors and emotional and behavioral scale scores between the ODD and control group were analyzed with independent sample t-tests and chi-square test. The distribution of comorbid psychiatric symptoms in the ODD group was compared with that in the control group using chi-square test. Multiple logistic regression was performed after adjusting for demographic factors, maternal depression, child’s reported depression and anxiety scores, and comorbid psychiatric symptoms to identify the comorbid psychiatric symptoms significantly associated with ODD. Data were analyzed using the SPSS v.18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and significance level was set to p<0.05.