Quality Assessment/Risk of Bias in Individual Studies

The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the quality of the included studies.¹⁹ The JBI qualitative research appraisal tool includes nine questions with four rating choices (ie, yes, no, unclear, not applicable) for each question. Two reviewers critically reviewed each article independently, any disagreements were discussed and solved through the review team meeting. The detailed quality appraisal information is listed in Table 1.

Critical Appraisal of Included Studies

Notes: JBI critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research: Q1= Is there congruity between the stated philosophical perspective and the research methodology? Q2= Is there congruity between the research methodology and the research question or objectives? Q3= Is there congruity between the research methodology and the methods used to collect data? Q4= Is there congruity between the research methodology and the representation and analysis of data? Q5= Is there congruity between the research methodology and the interpretation of results? Q6= Is there a statement locating the researcher culturally or theoretically? Q7= Is the influence of the researcher on the research, and vice- versa, addressed? Q8= Are participants, and their voices, adequately represented? Q9= Is the research ethical according to current criteria or, for recent studies, and is there evidence of ethical approval by an appropriate body? Q10= Do the conclusions drawn in the research report flow from the analysis, or interpretation, of the data?

Abbreviations: Y, yes; N, no; U, unclear; N/A, not applicable.