2.4. Self-Report Measure: Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) Scale

The SAM scale [57,58], which is a nonverbal pictorial rating technique that quantifies the valence and arousal of an individual’s emotional response to a particular stimulus, was adopted for self-report data collection. Using a 5-point Likert scale represented by five different pictures, the subject was asked to indicate the degree of emotional impact (1: low impact; 5: high impact) and the level of negativity–positivity felt upon viewing the video (1: negative; 5: positive).