2.4. Target Preparation

Different quantities of DNA with a fixed length of 300 bp were tested in the experiment [5]. The output of our model is the DNA amount per bead for tested beads, including the bare bead and beads bonded with the least-concentrated DNA to those with the most-concentrated DNA, which are exponentially distributed. There is a total number of 7 outputs shown in Table 1. In situations where the data are distributed exponentially, taking a log function is one common way to normalize the data [42]. Therefore, we normalized the output features by using logarithmic transformation. In the next step, the standard score and min–max normalization are applied, which were described in Section 2.3.