Control variables

Moreover, the study employed eight factors as control variables. The eight factors were the type of residence, age group, gender, education level, marital status, employment status, wealth status, and health insurance ownership. The study divided the available residence into two categories: urban and rural. We used the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency’s provisions for urban-rural categorization in the survey. Furthermore, the study calculated age based on the most recent birthday, and the age group comprises ≤ 17, 18–64, and ≥ 65. Gender includes two categories: male and female.

The study also classified marital status into three categories: single, married/living with a partner, and divorced/widowed. The study defined education as accepting the respondent’s most recent diploma. The study has four levels of education: no education, primary, secondary, and higher education. Meanwhile, there are two employment options: unemployed and employed.

The pool used the wealth index formula to determine wealth status in the study. The survey calculated the wealth index using a weighted average of a family’s total spending. Meanwhile, the survey calculated the wealth index using primary household expenditures such as health insurance, food, and lodging, among other things. In addition, the poll classified income into five categories: poorest, poorer, middle, wealthier, and most prosperous [11, 12]. According to the survey, there are two types of health insurance owners: uninsured and insured.