Ages and Stages Questionnaire—Third Edition

The parent-reported Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to measure the development of the infants across 5 domains: personal-social, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and communication [27]. There are 21 sets of ASQ, each catering to a different developmental time point; these can be used to assess infants or children aged 2 to 66 months. Existing literature has found that Cronbach α for the ASQ ranges from .49 to .87, depending on the domain and time point [28]. In this study, the ASQ sets were administered at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months. Each set of ASQ consisted of 30 items, and the parents were asked to select “yes” (10 points), “sometimes” (5 points), or “not yet” (0 points) to indicate whether their child had demonstrated the milestone described in that particular item. Cutoff scores, which were 2 SDs below the normative mean, were provided to indicate whether the infant’s development required further monitoring and assessment (Table 1). Cronbach α for the ASQ sets administered in this study are also presented in Table 1.

Cronbach α and cutoff scores for the Ages and Stages Questionnaire.

^aScores below the cutoff indicate that the child could be at risk of neurodevelopmental conditions, and further assessment with a professional might be needed.