Gene sets

Meiosis and meiotic prophase I gene sets were curated based on the functional association per MGI and literature review. The DNA repair gene set and its subsets were curated from the updated Human DNA Repair Genes⁶⁵ (https://www.mdanderson.org/documents/Labs/Wood-Laboratory/human-dna-repair-genes.html) and the REPAIRtoire dabatase⁶⁶, whereas genes in the FA set containing 22 FA genes and nine FA-associated genes were compiled by ref. ⁵¹ and ref. ⁶⁷. The mitochondrial function gene set consisting of 255 nuclear genes reported to cause mitochondrial disease was curated from ref. ⁶⁸, ref. ⁶⁹ and ref. ⁷⁰. The autophagy gene set was curated from the Autophagy Database⁷¹ and the Human Autophagy Database⁷². The GenAge set includes 307 genes associated with human aging in the GenAge database⁷³. Gene sets of oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016705) and response to oxidative stress (GO:0006979) were curated based on the Gene Ontology database (http://geneontology.org/).

Other gene sets were curated based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database (https://www.genome.jp/kegg/), including pathways of cell cycle (PATH:ko04110), DNA replication (PATH:ko03030), longevity regulating (PATH:ko04211), cellular senescence (PATH:ko04218), oxidative phosphorylation (PATH:ko00190), fatty acid metabolism (PATH:hsa01212), ovarian steroidogenesis (PATH:ko04913), GnRH signaling (PATH:ko04912), estrogen signaling (PATH:ko04915), PI3K-Akt signaling (PATH:ko04151), mTOR signaling (PATH:ko04150), FoxO signaling (PATH:ko04068), Hippo signaling (PATH:ko04390), TGF-beta signaling (PATH:ko04350), Hedgehog signaling (PATH:ko04340), Notch signaling (PATH:ko04330), Wnt signaling (PATH:ko04310), RAS signaling (PATH:ko04014), ErbB signaling (PATH:ko04012), JAK-STAT signaling (PATH:ko04630) and p53 signaling (PATH:ko04115). All genes in gene sets are listed in Supplementary Table 10.