Study design and data extraction

We identified all patients admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC) between 2013 and 2019; Cedars-Sinai is a large, quaternary care facility located in Southern California, with a catchment area that includes a diverse population of 1.8 million individuals. We extracted demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity), smoking status, and clinical comorbidities (diabetes, coronary artery disease, transient ischemic attack, stroke, hypertension, depression, atrial fibrillation or flutter, and concussion) using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes (Supplementary Table 1) at the time of hospitalization during the study period. We then extracted all inpatient systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements from the hospitalization and calculated variability independent of the mean (VIM), as described previously (21).