Colonic transit time was assessed as described before [31]. Briefly, rats were fasted for 24 h and anesthetized with isoflurane. Steel beads (5 mm in diameter) were then slowly pushed into the colon located at a distance of 5 cm from the anal verge via a rounded glass rod. The time taken to excrete the beads was recorded by an experimenter with a stopwatch and considered as an estimate of the colonic transit time.
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