Reagents

Torin was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA); bafilomycin A from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA); and etomoxir, UK5099, BPTES, α-tubulin antibody, α-actin antibody, and α-lamininB antibody from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). S6 kinase inhibitor and rapamycin were from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Phospho- and total S6 Kinase, AKT S473, and S6 antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). α-LC3 antibody was purchased from Novus Biologicals (NB100-2220; Littleton, CO, USA); α-TFEB antibody from MyBioSsource (MBS120432; San Diego, CA, USA); and α-p62 antibody from Abcam (ab56416; Cambridge, MA USA). Lysotracker red was from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). CD107a (LAMP1)-PE antibody conjugate was from Ebioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). Ultrapure Escherichia coli LPS was from Invivogen (San Diego, CA, USA). Thioglycollate was from Difco-BD (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). FAs were from Nu-Chek Prep (Waterville, MN, USA). Ultrapure BSA was from Lampire (Ottsville, PA, USA) and was tested for TLR ligand contamination before use by treating primary macrophages and assaying for TNF-α release.