NME

NME used the HUBER360^a in this study, integrating strength, coordination, balance and proprioception exercise [21]. The device provides a multi-axis motorized rotating platform, which can capture a variety of different speeds, amplitude, acceleration trajectory, and real-time monitoring of the individual’s body center of gravity, and provide visual feedback [32]. Individuals tried their best to keep the center of gravity within the target zone through the visual feedback on the screen by holding the elastic belt tied to the armrest when standing on the swaying platform. A stop bottom was controlled by a therapist in case of an emergency. The NME includes six exercises (for the left shoulder, as an example): holding the elastic belt with the shoulder in (1) external rotation (Fig. 2); (2) internal rotation; (3) abduction 90° and external rotation (Fig. 3); (4) abduction 90° and internal rotation; (5) flexion 90° and external rotation (Fig. 4); and (6) flexion 90° and internal rotation (10 seconds of training with 10 seconds rest/repetition × 8 repetitions). There is a one-minute interval for changing directions. Each exercise includes five levels. A score would be shown on the screen according to the exercise performance of the individuals after each session of exercise. If the score was more than 90 points (full score of 100 points), the exercise would go to the next level with higher speed, acceleration, and amplitude of the platform. All treatments are performed and supervised by the same professional, experienced physiotherapist in a quiet environment (once a day, 5 days per week for 8 weeks).

NME for the left shoulder in external rotation

NME for the left shoulder in abduction 90° and external rotation

NME for the left shoulder in flexion 90° and external rotation