Psychometric testing

To evaluate the content validity, the GBFS was provided to an expert panel, which consisted of a professor, an assistant professor, and four doctoral students. Those experts rated the degree of relevance of each item to the construct they intended to measure (i.e., benefit finding) on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (least relevant) to 4 (highly relevant) [31] (phase 1).

Additionally, the GBFS was distributed to a sample of college students, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to identify the possible components of the GBFS in Chinese (phase 2). A cross-sectional study was then conducted in another sample of college students to examine the internal consistency, construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis [CFA]), and concurrent validity of the scale (phase 3). After two weeks, 50 college students who had completed the questionnaires in phase 3 were surveyed again to assess the test-retest reliability [32] (phase 4).