In sterile containers, we collected the fecal samples of mothers and their infants residing in Hotan, Xinjiang, China and Hainan, China. The samples were collected at the participants’ homes and immediately frozen (−20°C) in a portable freezer. These samples were then transported to the laboratory and processed immediately upon receipt. The participants were not on any special diet, and, as instructed, had not taken probiotics or antibiotics for 2 months before sampling.
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