Model group rat VSMCs were cultured in an incubator at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. On reaching 80–90% confluence, the cells were digested with 0.25% trypsin and used to inoculate the wells of six-well plates containing 2 mL of complete medium at a cell density of 1 × 105 cells/well. The cells were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, after which, the plates were removed and the complete medium was carefully aspirated from the wells, followed by the addition of 2 mL of osteogenic induction medium containing 10 mM β-GP (D302990; Aladdin, China). The cells were thereafter induced for 0, 3, 7, and 14 d for subsequent assays. Control cells were cultured normally in the absence of osteogenic induction.
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