Preparation of Nano-Propolis Liposomes

PRO was procured from Nature Care Company (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Following the protocol of (Mutalik et al., 2014), the NPRL was prepared via the conventional thin-film hydration technique with slight modifications. In brief, PRO, cholesterol, and soybean lecithin were mixed and dissolved in the organic solvent mixture (methanol and chloroform, 1:2 v/v). Then, the mixture was exposed to a rotary evaporator until the organic solvent mixture was fully evaporated. After that, the nanoliposomal of PRO was obtained. The NPRL was added to the diet according to the study protocol. The morphology of NPRL was detected by JEM-2100F TEM (JEOL, Japan) (Fig. 1).

The morphology of nano-propolis liposomes was detected by JEM-2100F TEM (JEOL, Japan), and the TEM image showed that NPRL had a spherical morphology and no aggregated (A). A particle size distribution (mean/nm) histogram determined from the TEM (B).