Samples collection

A total of 225 tissue samples of muscles, liver, kidney, serum, and hair (n = 45 for each) were taken from three local camel breeds directly after slaughter. Samples were obtained from Al-Omran central slaughterhouse, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.

Al-Ahsa is classified as rural since it relies primarily on livestock production, but industrial activities are restricted. From October 2021 until January 2022, samples were gathered. The ages of the animals ranged from less than 5 to more than 10 years. All animals appeared to be in good health, active and disease-free. The samples were kept at a temperature of −20°C in falcon tubes until analysis.