Intervention

The FM+PFMT group received education regarding fluid and caffeine management, combined with PFMT, and the FM group received education regarding fluid and caffeine management only. The principal investigator provided one-time group education at the senior center. The detailed content and timing of the education are presented in Table 1. None of the participants had any health problems requiring restriction of fluid intake. To ensure the appropriate volume of fluid intake a day, which is approximately 1500mL, participants were instructed to use a 300 mL water bottle to measure their daily fluid intake. They were advised increase or decrease their fluid intake based on their daily amount. In addition, for caffeine management, participants received information on caffeinated coffee and energy drinks, and were encouraged to avoid them.

Overview of the Content of the Intervention

Abbreviations: OAB, overactive bladder; FM, Fluid and caffeine modification; PFMT, pelvic floor muscle training.

The participants in the FM+PFMT group received verbal instructions on PFMT, based on the literature.²⁵ The standard established recommendation for PFMT was provided (ie, three sets of 10 exercises, performed three to four times a week). It was also recommended that participants conduct fast twitching of the PFM several times whenever they felt urgency, before going to the toilet. To monitor adherence to fluid and caffeine management and PFMT, participants were asked to write a daily log recording whether they performed the intervention.