Secondary Outcomes: Self-Reported Sleep and WFC Measures

Secondary self-reported sleep outcomes, demographic and working characteristics were collected using trained field interviewers who administered face-to-face Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) lasting 60 minutes. Final self-reported sleep outcome measures were calculated as described below.

Sleep Insufficiency was measured using a single item: ‘How often during the past 4 weeks did you get enough sleep to feel rested upon waking up?’ with answers selected from a 1-5 scale (ranging from ‘never’, to ‘very often’). Lower scores indicate higher levels of sleep insufficiency. This item has been used in prior research and is similar to current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance for state-level sleep sufficiency.²⁸

Insomnia Symptoms were measured using a single item, taken from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)²⁹: ‘During the past 4 weeks, how often did you wake up in the middle of the night or early morning?’, with answers selected from a 1-4 scale (ranging from ‘1, never’ to ‘ 4, three or more times a week’). High scores indicated higher levels of insomnia symptoms.

Sleep Quality was measured using a single item taken from the PSQI: ‘Over the past 4 weeks, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?’ with answers selected from a 1-4 scale (ranging from ‘1, very good’ to ‘4, very bad’. High scores indicated worse sleep quality.

Work-to-family conflict (WFC) was measured using the five-item subscale developed by Netemeyer and colleagues.³⁰ This subscale consists of items rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) with higher scores indicating higher WFC and has a high reliability estimate of Cronbach's α=0.89.