2.2. Assessment of Dietary Data

Participants completed a 24 h dietary recall as part of the KNNSS. All interviewers conducting the 24 h recall were KNNSS-trained dietitians. A food instruction booklet was used to aid participants in estimating portion size. The time a person ate a meal was defined as meal timing. The number of eating episodes was estimated as meal frequency. An eating episode was defined as consuming any food or drink of more than 1 kcal. Not eating a meal from 5 a.m. to 10 a.m. was defined as skipping breakfast. Not eating a meal from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. was defined as skipping dinner. Eating a meal between 10 p.m. and 3 a.m. was defined as late-night eating. Fasting duration was estimated by subtracting the time of the last meal from the time of the first meal. Individuals were classified based on meal frequency into four categories: those who consumed three meals or less, four meals, five meals, and six meals or more. For fasting duration, individuals were classified based on nightly fasting duration into four categories: those who fast for less than 8 h, those who fast for 8 to 10 h, those who fast for 10 to 12 h, and those who fast for more than 12 h.