Cybersickness symptoms were measured using a Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). The SSQ is a self-report questionnaire designed to evaluate symptoms associated with simulator sickness. It consists of 16 self-reported items related to cybersickness symptoms, such as dizziness, headache, and eye strain, scored using a four-point Likert scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe). The total SSQ score and three subscale scores for nausea, oculomotor distress, and disorientation are calculated according to a specific scoring procedure23. The SSQ exhibited high internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86824.
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