A detailed search will be conducted of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, CINAHL, WHO Clinical Trials Database and Cochrane Library databases through 5 January 2017, without language or publication type restrictions. We will use keywords and medical subject heading terms related to needle type (atraumatic or traumatic) and clinical outcomes. Search strategies will be developed in consultation with a librarian with expertise in systematic reviews.12 The search strategy employed for the MEDLINE database is provided in table 1. The search will be supplemented by manually screening the references of relevant articles, reviewing the proceedings of pertinent meetings, and contacting clinical experts in the field.
Search strategy for the MEDLINE electronic database using the Ovid interface
1 Spinal puncture/
2 (Spinal adj2 (puncture* or tap or taps)).mp. (mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier)
3 Lumbar punctur*.mp.
4 Dural punctur*.mp.
5 Spine punctur*.mp.
6 ((Spine or spinal or lumbar or subarachnoid) adj2 block*).mp.
7 Spinal drain*.mp.
8 Spinal fluid drain*.mp.
9 Cerebrospinal fluid drain*.mp.
10 anesthesia, spinal/
11 Anesthesia, obstetrical/
12 Anesthesia/
13 An?esthe*.mp.
14 Myelography/
15 Myelography.mp.
16 (Spinal epidural adj2 (combined or block* or an?esthes* or technique* or procedure* or method*)).mp.
17 (Continuous spinal adj2 (combined or block* or an?esthes* or technique* or procedure* or method*)).mp.
18 or/1–17
19 Atraumatic needle*.mp.
20 Sprotte.mp.
21 Whitacre.mp.
22 ((Non cutting or noncutting or noncutting or pencil point* or pencilpoint*) adj3 needle*).mp.
23 Pencan.mp.
24 Gertie marx.mp.
25 Zimmon.mp.
26 Traumatic needle*.mp.
27 Quincke.mp.
28 Cutting needle*.mp.
29 Knife needle*.mp.
30 Standard needle*.mp.
31 Conventional needle*.mp.
32 Greene.mp.
33 (Green adj2 needle*).mp.
34 Spinal needle*.mp.
35 Lumbar puncture needle*.mp.
36 Tuohy.mp.
37 Crawford.mp.
38 Eldor.mp.
39 Hustead.mp.
40 Weiss.mp.
41 Wagner.mp.
42 Cheng.mp.
43 Crawley.mp.
44 Foldes.mp.
45 Bell.mp.
46 Brace.mp.
47 Huber.mp.
48 Scott.mp.
49 ‘Needle through needle’.mp.
50 or/19–49
51 18 and 50
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