The initial hospital admission for an ECOPD was defined as the index event. Main outcomes of interest were: in-hospital mortality (yes/no), post-discharge mortality (yes/no) and hospital readmission (yes/no) after the index event. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay (days) during the index event and follow-up time (days) after hospital discharge from the index event (either as exact number of days, or the set study follow-up time) to study time till event (post-discharge mortality and hospital readmission).
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